60 Minutes Report on HoodiaFebruary 9
(CBS) Each year, people spend more than $40 billion on products designed to help them slim down. None of them seem to be working very well.
Now along comes hoodia. Never heard of it? Soon it’ll be tripping off your tongue, because hoodia is a natural substance that literally takes your appetite away.
It’s very different from diet stimulants like Ephedra and Phenfen that are now banned because of dangerous side effects. Hoodia doesn’t stimulate at totality. Scientists say it fools the brain by fabrication you think you’re full, even if you’ve eaten just a morsel. Correspondent Lesley Stahl reports.
“Hoodia, a plant that tricks the brain by making the stomach feel full, has been in the diet of South Africa’s Bushmen for thousands of years.”
Because the only place in the world where hoodia grows wild is in the Kalahari Desert of South Africa.
Nigel Crawhall, a linguistic scholar and interpreter, hired an experienced tracker named Toppies Kruiper, a local aboriginal Bushman, to help find it. The Bushmen were featured in the movie “The Gods Must Be Crazy.”
Kruiper led 60 Minutes crews out into the desert. Stahl asked him if he ate hoodia. “I really like to eat them when the new rains have draw near,” says Kruiper, speaking through the interpreter. “Then they’re really quite delicious.”
When we located the plant, Kruiper cut off a stalk that looked like a small spiky pickle, and removed the sharp spines. In the interest of science, Stahl ate it. She described the taste as “a little cucumbery in texture, but not bad.”
So how did it work? Stahl says she had no after effects - not at all funny taste in her mouth, no queasy stomach, and no racing centre. She also wasn’t hungry all day, on a level when she would normally have a pang around mealtime. And, she also had no desire to eat or drink the entire generation. “I’d have to say it did act,” says Stahl.
Although the West is just discovering hoodia, the Bushmen of the Kalahari have been eating it for a very long time. After all, they have been living off the land in southern Africa for more than 100,000 years.
Some of the Bushmen, like Anna Swartz, still live in old traditional huts, and cook so-called Bush food gathered from the desert the old-fashioned way.
The first philosophical investigation of the plant was conducted at South Africa’s national laboratory. Because Bushmen were known to eat hoodia, it was included in a study of indigenous foods.
“What they found was when they fed it to animals, the animals ate it and ruined weight,” says Dr. Richard Dixey, who heads an English pharmaceutical company called Phytopharm that is trying to develop weight-loss products based on hoodia.
Was hoodia’s potential application to the degree that an appetite suppressant immediately obvious?
“No, it took them a long time. In fact, the original research was done in the mid 1960s,” says Dixey.
It took the South African national laboratory 30 years to isolate and identify the
specific appetite-suppressing ingredient in hoodia . When they found it, they applied for a patent and licensed it to Phytopharm.
Phytopharm has spent more than $20 million so far on study, including clinical trials with obese volunteers that be obliged yielded promising results. Subjects given hoodia ended up eating about 1,000 calories a day less than those in the control group. To put that in perspective, the average American man consumes about 2,600 calories a day; a woman about 1,900.
“If you take this compound every day, your wish to eat goes from a thin to a dense state. And we’ve seen that very, very dramatically,” says Dixey.
But why chouse you need a patent for a plant? “The patent is on the application of the point as a weight-loss material. And, of course, the active compounds within the plant. It’s not on the establish itself,” says Dixey.
So no undivided else can use hoodia for weight loss? “As a weight-management product without infringing the patent, that’s correct,” says Dixey.
But what does that say about all these weight-loss products that claim to have hoodia in it? Trimspa says its X32 pills comprise 75 mg of hoodia. The congregation is pushing its product with an ad campaign featuring Anna Nicole Smith, even though the FDA has notified Trimspa that it hasn’t demonstrated that the product is safe.
Some companies have even used the results of Phytopharm’s clinical tests to market their products.
“This is right straightforward theft. That’s what it is. People are stealing given conditions, which they haven’t done, they’ve got no proper brains of, and sticking on the bottle,” says Dixey. “When we have assayed these materials, they contain between 0.1 and 0.01 percent of the active ingredient claimed. But they conversion to every act the term hoodia on the bottle, of course, so they — does nothing at all.”
But Dixey isn’t the only one who’s felt ripped off. The Bushmen first heard the news surrounding the patent when Phytopharm levy out a inculcate release. Roger Chennells, a lawyer in South Africa who represents the Bushmen, who are also called “the San,” was appalled.
“The San did not unruffled know about it,” says Chennells. “They had given the information that led directly toward the patent.”
The taking of traditional knowledge independently of amends is called “bio-piracy.”
“You have said, and I’m going to quote you, ‘that the San felt as grant that someone had stolen the family silver,’” says Stahl to Chennells. “So what did you do?”
“I wouldn’t want to go into some of the details as to what kind of letters were written or what kind of threats were made,” says Chennells. “We engaged them. They had done something wrong, and we wanted them to acknowledge it.”
Chennells was determined to help the Bushmen who, he says, have been exploited for centuries. First they were pushed aside by black tribes. Then, when white colonists arrived, they were nearly annihilated.
“About the turn of the century, there were still hunting parties in Namibia and in South Africa that allowed farmers to go and kill Bushmen,” says Chennells. “It’s well documented.”
The Bushmen are still stigmatized in South Africa, and plagued with high unemployment, little tuition, and lots of alcoholism. And now, it seemed they were about to be cut out of a potential windfall from hoodia. So Chennells threatened to sue the national lab on their behalf.
“We knew that if it was successful, many, many millions of dollars would be coming towards the San,” says Chennells. “Many, many millions. They’ve talked about the emporium being hundreds and hundreds of millions in America.”
In the extreme point, a settlement was reached. The Bushmen will get a percentage of the profits — if there are profits. But that’s a big if.
The future of hoodia is not yet a sure thing. The project hit a major snag last year. Pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, which had teamed up with Phytopharm, and funded a great deal of of the research, dropped out when making a pill out of the valid ingredient seemed beyond reach.
Dixey says it be able to be made synthetically: “We’ve made milligrams of it. But it’s highly expensive. It’s not possible to do it synthetically in what’s called a scaleable process. So we couldn’t journey a metric ton of it or somebody that is the sort of quantity you’d need to actually start doing something about obesity in thousands of people.”
Phytopharm decided to market hoodia in its natural form, in diet shakes and bars. That meant it needed the hoodia plant itself.
But given the obesity epidemic in the United States, it became obvious that what was needed was a lot of hoodia - much more than was enlarging in the wild in the Kalahari. And so they came here.
60 Minutes visited one of Phytopharm’s hoodia plantations in South Africa. They’ll need a lot of these plantations to meet the expected demand.
Agronomist Simon MacWilliam has a tall order: be augmented a billion portions a year of hoodia, within just a couple of years. He admitted that starting up the plantation has been quite a challenge.
“The problem is we’re action with a novel crop. It’s a plant we’ve taken out of the wild and we’re starting to grow it,’ says MacWilliam. “So we have no experience. So it’s divergent? diseases and pests which we have to deal with”.
How confident are they that they will be able to grow enough? “We’re very confident of that,” he says. “We’ve got an expansion program which is going to have being 100s of acres. And we’ll be able - ready to gratify the demand.
This could have existence huge, given the obesity epidemic. Phytopharm says it’s about to announce marketing plans that will have meal-replacement hoodia products on supermarket shelves by means of 2008.
MacWilliam says these products are a slightly different species from the hoodia Stahl tasted in the Kalahari Desert. “It’s actually a lot more bitter than the plant that you tasted,” says MacWilliam.
The advantage is this species of hoodia will grow a lot faster. But more bitter? How bad could it be? Stahl decided to find out. “Not good,” she says.
Phytopharm says that when its product gets to market, it will be certified safe and effective. They also assurance that it’ll taste good.
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